黄土丘陵区侵蚀坡面土壤微生物量碳时空动态及影响因素

以黄土丘陵区具有典型侵蚀和沉积部位的5个有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面为对象,通过对雨季土壤微生物量碳的研究,辨析了侵蚀-沉积条件下坡面土壤微生物量碳时空变化的影响因素及影响程度.结果表明：①土壤侵蚀导致坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤温湿度、有机碳含量出现明显的时空分异,分异程度与土壤有机碳水平有关;②雨季末土壤微生物量碳相比雨季前显著增加,增幅可达91.08%~286.83%.坡面沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量大于侵蚀区,随着土壤有机碳水平升高,侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量差增大,空间分异加剧;③坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤有机碳含量、温度、湿度等因素的敏感程度不同,雨季前土壤微生物量碳对土壤湿度变化最敏感,而雨季末沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤温度变化最敏感,在侵蚀区对土壤有机碳变化更为敏感.土壤侵蚀和季节变化是导致坡面土壤微生物量碳时空分布差异的重要原因,土壤微生物量碳对影响因素的敏感性差异主要是不同时空条件下限制性要素的转换所致.     

坑道储存弹药环境防护综述

坑道是野战弹药储存的重要场所,坑道弹药的现有封存方法防潮性差、通用性不强、造价高。分析了坑道储存弹药环境对坑道弹药的影响,利用事故树分析法找出了造成坑道弹药储存失效的最危险因素。综述了坑道弹药防护现状,对坑道弹药防护的研究方向进行了探讨。     

湿度测量在环境可靠性试验设备中的应用

针对现阶段在环境与可靠性试验设备中应用的湿度测量技术,对实验室使用的2种湿度传感器的测湿原理、优缺点以及在不同试验设备中的应用进行对比与分析,为今后实验室湿度测量提供了参考。     

Variation in levels of reactive oxygen species is explained by maternal identity, sex and body-size-corrected clutch size in a lizard

Many organisms show differences between males and females in growth rate and crucial life history parameters, such as longevity. Considering this, we may expect levels of toxic metabolic by-products of the respiratory chain, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to vary with age and sex. Here, we analyse ROS levels in female Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) and their offspring using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Basal level of four ROS species (singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, superoxide and H₂O₂) measured with a combined marker, and superoxide measured specifically, varied significantly among families but not between the sexes. When blood cells from offspring were chemically encouraged to accelerate the electron transport chain by mitochondrial uncoupling, net superoxide levels were three times higher in daughters than sons (resulting in levels outside of the normal ROS range) and varied among mothers depending on offspring sex (significant interaction between maternal identity and offspring sex). In offspring, there were depressive effects on ROS of size-controlled relative clutch size, which relies directly on circulating levels of vitellogenin, a confirmed antioxidant in some species. Thus, levels of reactive oxygen species varies among females, offspring and in relation to reproductive investment in a manner that makes its regulatory processes likely targets of selection.     

Assessing regulatory effectiveness with exogenously declining risk: a case study of the CPSC's 1973 mattress standard

INTRODUCTION: This paper examines the contribution of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) 1973 cigarette ignition mattress flammability standard to reduce mattress fires since 1980, when the U.S. Fire Administration's National Fire Incident Reporting System became fully operational. METHOD: The paper attempts to separate the effect of the cigarette ignition standard from the declining trend in mattress fires that would have resulted without the standard. We analyze the impact of the 1973 cigarette standard on smoking material ignition fires, deaths, and injuries as well as its effect on fires, deaths, and injuries from all ignition sources (smoking material ignitions, open-flame ignitions, and other ignition sources). Impacts on Industry: The results suggest that the 1973 mattress standard has effectively reduced the mattress fire risk and that further reductions in risk via actions tied specifically to cigarette ignition are likely to be difficult to achieve.     

Beijing Tong Ren Tang Company Limited Scientific Research Institute, Beijing 100011, China

By dynamic method under UV irradiation,commercial melt-blown polypropylene(PPMB)filter element was modified with acrylamide(AAm)using benzophenone(BP)as initiator.Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope verified that polyacrylamide chain was grafted on the fiber surface of PPMB filter element.Elemental content analysis with energy dispersive X-ray of fibers revealed that the polymerization content in the inner part of filter element was relatively higher than that in the outer.Degree of grafting changed with initiator concentration,monomer concentration,reaction temperature and reached 2.6% at the reaction condition:C_(BP)=0.06 mol/L,C_(AAm)=2.0 mol/L,irradiation time:80 min,temperature: 60℃.Relative water flux altered with the hydrophilicity and pore size of filter element.In the antifouling test,the modified filter gave greater flux recovery(approximately 70%)after filtration of the water extract of Liuweidihuang,suggesting that the fouling layer was more easily reversible due to the hydrophilic nature of the modified filter.     

天津市冬季空气湿度对PM2.5和能见度的影响

空气湿度是调节能见度变化和大气污染发展的重要气象因素,利用2015~2020年天津市冬季的相对湿度、比湿、PM_2.5质量浓度和能见度的历史数据,分别分析了PM_2.5质量浓度和能见度与相对湿度和比湿之间的关系.2015~2020年冬季,天津城区PM_2.5质量浓度整体呈下降趋势,6 a下降了28.0%.10 km以上能见度天气的发生频率在2015~2018年冬季逐步上升,但在2019年和2020年的冬季重新下降.其中,2020年1月和2月天津市平均相对湿度达到63%和67%,显著高于30 a的历史同期均值,低于2 km的极端低能见度天气发生频率反弹至与2016年冬季相当的水平,空气湿度的升高在视觉上掩盖了PM_2.5的减排效果.天津市水汽的外部来源主要包括西南方向和东部渤海湾方向的输送,其中渤海湾方向传输的水汽占比约为59%,明显高于西南方向的25%.但东风相对清洁,对PM_2.5质量浓度的增长贡献有限,更多影响的是能见度.相比之下,当地面主导风向为西南风且比湿>2.0 g ·kg^-1时,大气污染的发生频率高达83.6%.短时间内,比湿的变化与相对湿度相比较为平稳,冬季利用比湿的变化在一定程度上可以预测大气污染事件的发生及污染程度.冬季平均相对湿度>80%或比湿>3.0 g ·kg^-1时,PM_2.5质量浓度>75 μg ·m^-3的发生频率分别为78%和80%.在冬季的环境气象预报中,要尤其警惕比湿高于3.0 g ·kg^-1的天气条件.     

气温与湿度的交互作用对呼吸系统疾病的影响

为评价平均气温、相对湿度及其交互作用对呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数的影响,采用广义相加模型(GAM),在控制了时间长期趋势、"星期几效应"、节假日效应、空气污染等因素的影响后,分析2009~2011年北京市平均气温、相对湿度及其交互作用对呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数影响的暴露反应关系.结果显示,平均气温与呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数呈现近似U型的非线性关系,其作用临界点为12℃,当平均气温低于12℃时,气温每升高1℃,呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数减少2.26%(95%CI-2.43,-2.09);当气温高于12℃时,气温每升高1℃,呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数增加0.92%(95%CI 0.72, 1.11).相对湿度与呼吸系统疾病的效应也呈现U型的分布特征,作用阈值为51%,当相对湿度≤51%时,相对湿度每增加10%,呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数减少3.43%(95%CI -3.47%,-3.38%);当相对湿度>51%时,其每增加10%呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数增加1.80%(95%CI 1.76%,1.85%).平均气温对呼吸系统疾病的影响受相对湿度水平的调节.在低温环境下,相对湿度越小,气温对呼吸系统疾病的影响越显著,气温每升高1℃,呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数减少2.71%(95%CI -2.88,-2.53);;而高温环境下,当相对湿度较大时气温健康效应较强,即气温每升高1℃,呼吸系统疾病急诊就诊人数增加1.37%(95%CI 1.13, 1.61).     

相对湿度、温度对胶合板甲醛释放的影响

测试了不同相对湿度、温度条件下密闭环境舱中胶合板释放的甲醛浓度,研究了相对湿度和温度对胶合板甲醛释放的影响规律.结果发现:开始3h内密闭舱内甲醛浓度迅速增加,之后7~8h甲醛浓度趋于平衡;相对湿度升高20%,密闭舱内甲醛平衡浓度增加了1.1~1.3倍;温度升高5℃,甲醛平衡浓度增加了1.3~2.5倍;利用变装载度法,求解了胶合板甲醛初始可释放浓度C_m,0、扩散系数D_m和界面气固分配系数K,探讨了相对湿度、温度对各释放参数的影响,构建了相对湿度与温度影响参数模型,模型预测了不同环境条件下的胶合板甲醛释放参数,预测值与实验结果吻合良好.     

北京市8种铺装材质温湿度变化特征

选择北京市海淀公园8种不同铺装材质的下垫面作为研究对象,对其温湿度变化特征进行了定量化的研究。每天8：00—18：00,每2h一次分别对8种铺装材质下垫面的温度、相对湿度进行同步测定,连续测定7d。结果表明：不同铺装材质白昼期间,草坪的温度最低、相对湿度最高;透水砖、混凝土、拉道大理石及有机材料的温度和相对湿度居中;沥...